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實(shí)例講解托福閱讀推斷題技巧
若你問(wèn)托兒們“新托福閱讀哪個(gè)題型最難啊?”，多半的學(xué)生會(huì)回答“閱讀是會(huì)呼吸的疼，每個(gè)題型都很難，考個(gè)托福都快趕上背誦百科全書了”。但是，在眾多題型中，內(nèi)容小結(jié)題和推斷題在難度上仍是會(huì)位居榜首，歸結(jié)原因的，多半是內(nèi)容小結(jié)題涉及文章框架，托兒沒(méi)時(shí)間再回頭整理，而說(shuō)到推斷題，學(xué)生就是一頭霧水，不知道該怎么推，往哪兒推。因此關(guān)于這方面的內(nèi)容,小編整理了一些相關(guān)資料給大家參考，覺(jué)得有用的話就快快收藏吧。
推斷題其實(shí)沒(méi)有想象中的那么難，因?yàn)橥懈Ｎ恼掠泻芮逦倪壿嫾軜?gòu)，每個(gè)自然段往往是按照TS (Topic Sentence) +SD (Supporting details)展開的，而文章多半是按Introduction + Aspects + Attitudes展開的。只有明白了文章的寫作思路才能更好更快的做對(duì)題目，作者必定是按照一定的行文順序編排段落的，如果畫一個(gè)水平軸作為事件發(fā)展的順序，推斷題是讓你從這個(gè)軸上的某一個(gè)點(diǎn)去推測(cè)，無(wú)非就兩個(gè)方向，順著軸發(fā)展的方向或者逆著軸發(fā)展的方向，也就是我們接下來(lái)要說(shuō)的用正向和逆向思維去解決推斷題。
OG上將推斷題定義為檢查考生對(duì)文章中強(qiáng)烈建議但絕不明說(shuō)觀點(diǎn)(strongly implied but not explicitlystated in the text)的理解程度，屬于理解性題目，題目要求如下：
Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about X?
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about X?
According to paragraph 3, what do Y indicate about X?
According to paragraph 4, what does the author imply about X?
題干中有出現(xiàn)infer, imply, indicate或suggest這四個(gè)單詞，我們就判定這個(gè)題目為推斷題，那么推斷題應(yīng)該如何解答呢?
第一步，判斷題型。我們拿到題目，看到上面四個(gè)單詞中的任何一個(gè)，心中就想著這是推斷題，推斷題的做題宗旨是文章強(qiáng)烈暗示，要通過(guò)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行合理推斷。
第二步，審清題干，原文定位。仔細(xì)閱讀題干，弄清題干內(nèi)容，推斷方向，帶著題干核心信息到文章中準(zhǔn)確定位。
第三步，推測(cè)+判斷。根據(jù)相關(guān)句進(jìn)行正向或逆向的推理，最后擇優(yōu)而選，確定答案。
正向推斷：和事實(shí)信息題做題方法一樣，答案就是定位的句子的同義改寫。
逆向推斷：大致分為兩種，一種是時(shí)間，第二種是兩類事物的對(duì)比。
第一種，題干中往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)表示時(shí)間的信息，比如：after 1932, since early years of the 19th century. 例如TPO 20 Passage 1 Western Migration Q1:
Paragraph 1: The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in the main,the story of the expansion of American agriculture of the development of new areas for theraising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815,improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficientway of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices werehigh, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.
What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
m They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.
m They were able to sell their produce at high prices
m They had not been successful in raising cattle.
m They did not operate in a national market economy.
題干中出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)信息，一個(gè)是western farmers, 一個(gè)是prior to 1815, 帶著兩條信息去文中定位，定位在第一段第四行，但是文章中沒(méi)有提到1815年之前，只有1815年之后，答案其實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單，只要把1815年之后的內(nèi)容看懂了，并且在這個(gè)內(nèi)容前面加not即可。舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子，“從現(xiàn)在起Jessica是個(gè)姑娘”，“請(qǐng)問(wèn)你能推斷出昨天Jessica怎么了么?”可能很多人想到“是不是Jessica做了變性手術(shù)?”，其實(shí)這就算過(guò)分推斷了，答案就是Jessica昨天不是個(gè)姑娘。言歸正題，文中說(shuō)到，改善的交通使得越來(lái)越多的西部農(nóng)民擺脫了自給自足的生活，并且進(jìn)入了國(guó)家性的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)，那個(gè)時(shí)候貨物的價(jià)格很多，所以向西遷移的速率也大幅增長(zhǎng)。
第二種：兩類事物的對(duì)比，往往文中會(huì)出現(xiàn)表示對(duì)比的關(guān)系詞：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas, onthe contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等詞。例如TPO 2中的The Origins ofCetaceans的第2題，讓考生推測(cè)關(guān)于early sea otters的，回到原文中定位，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵句中存在著一個(gè)unlike, 說(shuō)不像sea otters, 想象一下早期鯨類比較困難(not easy=difficult)，那我們逆推一下，不就是說(shuō)想象早期sea otters長(zhǎng)什么樣比較容易，正確答案中出現(xiàn)了not difficult, 所以這道題很簡(jiǎn)單。當(dāng)然ETS不會(huì)一直都出這么簡(jiǎn)單的推斷題，這里只是給大家一個(gè)答題的方向。
托兒們覺(jué)得逆向推斷比較好理解，而正向推斷比較難，原因是不容易把握尺度，很容易加上自己的主觀判斷就推過(guò)了。這時(shí)候我們可以把它當(dāng)作事實(shí)信息題去做，因?yàn)橐谠倪M(jìn)行推測(cè)，那么討論的角度和情感色彩要與原文保持一致，所以做題的另外一條原則是don't contradict with the main idea of the passage, 推測(cè)的時(shí)候新東方托�？荚嚬俜骄W(wǎng)推薦托兒們用演繹或者歸納的方法得出正確答案，或者借用文章主旨和情感態(tài)度選出正確答案，看如下例題：
Paragraph 4: Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate thatthe Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds ofcarbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Theirabsence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mildperiod required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least someparts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid waterexisted on the surface.
According to paragraph 4, what do the 2003 Global Surveyor data suggest about Mars?
m Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.
m he climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.
m Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time.
m The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.
根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞我們定位到：Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that theMartian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbonand oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. 這道題可以當(dāng)作事實(shí)信息題去做，但注意不是原文的簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)，suggest是原文中indicate的同義轉(zhuǎn)換，我們只要找到what就好了，原文that后面是重點(diǎn)，出現(xiàn)了too few, should have, 情感態(tài)度推測(cè)一下，持否定態(tài)度，也就是說(shuō)形成an ancient ocean不太可能。我們看選項(xiàng)，A中說(shuō)Ancient oceans on Mars contained only smallamounts of carbon. 主客體與原文矛盾，排除;B選項(xiàng)The climate of Mars may not have beensuitable for the formation of large bodies of water. 說(shuō)不適合形成大量的水，持否定態(tài)度，符合原文，保留;C選項(xiàng)Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods oftime. 相關(guān)句中未提及，排除;D選項(xiàng)The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periodsof cold, dry weather. 說(shuō)的是ancient oceans沒(méi)有，而不是原來(lái)有后來(lái)干涸了，與原文不符，排除，所以正確答案為B。
不管是正推還是逆推，關(guān)鍵是要基于原文進(jìn)行推斷，這就是我們要從事件發(fā)展這條水平軸上進(jìn)行推測(cè)的原因，不然從一條射線的某點(diǎn)，空間范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行延伸，你會(huì)得出無(wú)數(shù)條直線。判斷我們做的正確與否，關(guān)鍵就是能不能在原文中找到相應(yīng)的依據(jù)，希望同學(xué)們?cè)谧鐾晖茢囝}的時(shí)候回到原文中標(biāo)出出題依據(jù)，逐漸提升自己做題的敏感度和正確率，新東方托�？荚嚬俜骄W(wǎng)祝福托兒們都能考出好成績(jī)
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