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高考書面表達(dá)審題“三步走”
導(dǎo)語(yǔ)：近幾年全國(guó)卷書面表達(dá)給考生提供了很大的思維空間，讓考生圍繞主題去組織思想和內(nèi)容，那么如何審題就顯得尤為重要。如果審題不清，就很容易文不對(duì)題，即跑題、漏題或偏題。因此，考生在平時(shí)訓(xùn)練中要逐漸培養(yǎng)審題和發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞的能力。
步驟指導(dǎo)
第一步：定體裁、中心審題準(zhǔn)——審題確定方向，行文緊扣主題
根據(jù)提示，首先要弄清寫何種體裁的文章，是記敘文、說(shuō)明文、應(yīng)用文，還是議論文。無(wú)論提供材料的方式是文字描述，還是圖畫或表格，要求文章的主要體裁是唯一的。近幾年全國(guó)卷寫作考查書信類居多，在確定是應(yīng)用文的書信類之后，還要審是建議信、請(qǐng)求信、道歉信還是推薦信等，要求寫的是說(shuō)明介紹、解釋原因還是計(jì)劃安排等。
第二步：定要點(diǎn)、人稱、時(shí)態(tài)要點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)——要點(diǎn)全而不漏
要點(diǎn)要全：根據(jù)要點(diǎn)提示，提取keywords, 擬定topic sentences。定要點(diǎn)時(shí)要弄清什么該寫，什么不該寫;哪些該詳寫，哪些該略寫。
人稱要對(duì)：審人稱，即用什么人稱來(lái)表達(dá)。書信中常常會(huì)用到第一、二人稱，但在涉及其他人、物介紹說(shuō)明時(shí)，常用第三人稱。
時(shí)態(tài)要準(zhǔn)：講述現(xiàn)在的情況應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);涉及計(jì)劃打算時(shí)，常用一般將來(lái)時(shí);涉及對(duì)以往的.敘述時(shí)，常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。當(dāng)然情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用，也會(huì)使表達(dá)更加準(zhǔn)確，語(yǔ)氣更加自然。
第三步：定段落結(jié)構(gòu)美——行文條理清晰，力避一段到底，根據(jù)寫作提示內(nèi)容與要點(diǎn)，常采用二段式或三段式的段落模式。
實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練
【典例】(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)假定你是李華，暑假想去一家外資公司兼職，已寫好申請(qǐng)書和個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷(resume)。給外教Ms Jenkins 寫信，請(qǐng)她幫你修改所附材料的文字和格式(format)。
注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右;2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。
【審題步驟】
第一步：定體裁、中心
體裁：a letter for help
主題：correct mistakes about the words and format
第二步:定要點(diǎn)、人稱、時(shí)態(tài)
寫作要點(diǎn)：Point 1：the purpose of writing the letter
Point 2：to find a part\|time job
Point 3：have finished the application form and personal resume
Point 4：help me correct mistakes about the words and format
人稱：第一、二人稱
時(shí)態(tài)：以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)為主，合理運(yùn)用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
第三步:定段落
Para. 1：寫信目的
Para. 2：暑假計(jì)劃與尋求幫助
Para. 3：表達(dá)謝意
【參考范文】
Dear Ms Jenkins，
I want to tell you something about my plan for the coming summer vacation and
Im writing to ask you for some help.
In order to earn some extra money and reduce my familys burden，Id like to
go to an overseas\|funded company to find a part\|time job. Ive finished the application form and personal resume. But Im not sure if they are written well
enough to catch their eye. Please refer to the attachments which include the
application form and resume and correct mistakes about the words and format.
Id appreciate it if you could help me revise them. Looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
【典例】 ( 2015全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)假如你是李華，計(jì)劃和同學(xué)去敬老院(nursing home)陪老人們過(guò)重陽(yáng)節(jié)(the Double Ninth Festival)。請(qǐng)給外教露西寫封郵件，邀她一同前往，內(nèi)容包括：1.出發(fā)及返回時(shí)間;2.活動(dòng)：包餃子、表演節(jié)目等。
注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右;
2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫;
3.結(jié)語(yǔ)已為你寫好。
Looking forward to your reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
【審題步驟】
第一步:定體裁、中心
體裁：an email of invitation
主題：a plan to visit the nursing home
第二步:定要點(diǎn)、人稱、時(shí)態(tài)
寫作要點(diǎn)：
Point 1：to invite Lucy to join us for a visit to the nearby nursing home
Point 2：to help the elderly there
Point 3：the time to set off — at 9 in the morning; the time to come
back：around 4 oclock in the afternoon
Point 4：activities — making dumplings and cakes， dancing and playing
games
人稱：采用第一、二人稱
時(shí)態(tài)：以一般將來(lái)時(shí)為主
第三步：定段落
Para. 1：介紹重陽(yáng)節(jié)，概述活動(dòng)計(jì)劃
Para. 2：具體活動(dòng)安排
Para. 3：發(fā)出邀請(qǐng)及提醒
【參考范文】
Dear Lucy，
The Double Ninth Festival，which is the day set aside for the elderly in our
culture，is drawing near. Our class plan is to visit the nursing home this Sunday
in order to help the elderly there and enrich our after\class life at the same time.
Here are some detailed arrangements during our stay there. Well make
dumplings and cakes with the elderly people. Well also spend some fun time
together singing，dancing and playing games，which will make them happy. We should be back around 4 oclock in the afternoon as planned. Im convinced that the
activity will be enjoyable and meaningful.
If youd like to join us，please let us know and well wait for you at the school gate at 9 in the morning.
Looking forward to your reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
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