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托�？荚噷懽骷记�
托�？荚噷懽骷记�1
The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.
Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment.
These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.
托�？荚噷懽骷记�2
在托福獨立寫作中，當我們已經根據已給題目確立了自己的觀點，并且有了足夠的分論點以此來支撐我們的中心論點后，我們就需要進行有理有據的論證來使我們的文章更加有充分的說服力。如果只是單純給出中心論點和一些分論點，而說理論證不夠充分，會讓我們的文章顯得非常空洞，不足以支撐我們的立場。自然，這樣的托福寫作文章是不會的高分的。由此我們就可以看出，充分的說理論證是多么的重要!
那么，論證到底怎么才能有說服力并且足夠充分呢?
我們可以根據這樣一個公式進行：主題句+說理+舉例(數據)+總結例子+(反面論述)=充分論證
接下來我們來舉一個實例：
Advertising is the most important cause of unhealthy eating habits.
我們用分類討論的方法來寫這道題，按小孩子和成人分類討論。
比如：我們的主題句：對于小孩子來說，廣告的確是他們不良飲食習慣的罪魁禍首。
說理：小孩子總是對新奇的東西充滿好奇心，而且他們的辨識能力差，不能理解廣告的真正意圖。尤其一些不健康食物的廣告，總是用夸張，誘人的手法大肆宣傳。小孩子更容易被吸引。
舉例：麥當勞經常會在廣告中夸大食品的尺寸和美味程度，有時候還會推出購買套餐送兒童玩具的廣告宣傳，很多小孩會因為想要品嘗美味的.食品或得到玩具而懇請父母帶他們去吃這樣的快餐。而麥當勞的很多食品都是經過油炸處理的，而且調味料也是比較多的，雖然好吃但是會使兒童一次性攝取過多熱量而導致肥胖或者其它疾病。
總結例子：正是因為廣告夸張和誘人的營銷手段，使得小孩子容易被吸引，從而導致他們養成不良飲食習慣。
反面論述：如果沒有這些誘人的廣告，小孩子就不會食用高熱量油炸食品，也就不會使他們養成不良的飲食習慣。
通過上面的舉例，我們就可以看出這樣一個完整的論述是非常充分且有說服力的，因為它有前因有后果還有充分細節。這樣就能使讀者更認同的觀點。當然我們的目的也就達到了。
托福寫作輔導提出在論述過程中，如果我們時間有限，在舉例的時候我們沒必要冥思苦想引數據，只需要填補一些重點細節，來彌補字數的不足。同樣的，反面論證也可以有取舍的使用，只要字數充足，時間允許即可。
托�？荚噷懽骷记�3
In a spirit of gratitude and giving back to the parents who raised them, Bill and Jackie Merz"s daughters have extended a generous invitation.
“They both live in Chicago now,” said Bill Merz, 75, a retired Sacramento State psychology professor. “One was willing to put an extra floor on her house and install an elevator for us so we could live there. The other wanted to convert her basement for us.
”I told them we"d have somebody shoot us before we did that.“
The Merzes, who live in their own home at Eskaton Village Roseville, adore their extended, close-knit family, which also includes two sons in California and 11 grandchildren. But the idea of living with the kids in their older age leaves them cold.
”My first reaction was, "I don"t want you telling me what to do,"“ said Jackie Merz, who is also 75 and a retired teacher and counselor.
Most older adults tend to be a bit more euphemistic about it: Typically, they say that they don"t want to be a burden to their kids, or that they don"t want to impose. But statistics show a plainer truth. In huge numbers, seniors relish their freedom, and they want to live on their own as long as they can.
In the Sacramento region, US census figures show that almost three-fourths of people 65 and older live in same-generation (as opposed to multigenerational) households. National figures are even higher, with nearly 80 percent of older adults living in their own households – more than triple the number from the 1940s.
A recent survey from the research firm Gallup & Robinson highlights that sense of independence. While 53 percent of people below age 65 said they would take in an aging parent who needed their help, only a quarter of people older than 65 said they would accept an invitation to live with their grown children.
Those attitudes fly in the face of a stubborn cultural cliché, in which the grandparents, kids and grandkids grow older together under one roof – a holdover from the days when there was no choice but for the generations to live together, like it or not.
”I think the stereotype exists because we continually look retrospectively,“ said Bill Merz. ”It becomes a museum piece. Look at TV shows and movies about Christmas, the nuclear family they show.
“It hasn"t been that way since World War II. GIs didn"t come back from the war and move to Mom and Dad"s neighborhood. They moved to the suburbs or across the country.”
譯文：
比爾默茨和杰基默茨夫婦的女兒們一心想要感謝和回報父母的養育之恩，對他們慷慨相邀。
“她們兩個現在都住在芝加哥，”現年75歲的比爾?默茨說。他曾是薩拉門托州立大學的心理學教授，現已退休�！耙粋�想要在她家的房子里加一層，給我們裝上電梯，這樣我們就能住在那兒了。另一個想把地下室改裝給我們住�！�
“我告訴她們如果要這樣，還不如斃了我們�！�
默茨夫婦住在他們艾斯卡頓村羅薩維爾區自己的家中，非常熱愛他們緊密團結的`大家庭，除了兩個女兒，他們還有兩個住在加利福尼亞的兒子和11個孫子和孫女。但想到自己的晚年要和孩子們住在一起，他們感到很不快。
現年75歲的杰基?默茨說：“我的第一反應是：我不需要你來告訴我怎么做�！彼且幻o導教師，現在也已退休。
多數老人對此的態度會委婉一些。通常，他們會說他們不愿成為孩子的負擔，或他們不想強行要求孩子接納他們。但數據卻更直白地反應了真相。有相當多的老人很享受他們當下的自由狀態，想盡可能地自己生活。
在美國薩拉門托州，人口普查數據顯示，65歲以上的老人當中有近四分之三和同代人一起居住，而不是多世同堂。全國范圍內這一比例甚至更高，將近80%的老人住在自己的房子里——比上世紀40年代這一數據的三倍還要高。
蓋洛普暨羅賓遜調查公司最近的一項調查便凸顯了這種自立感。65歲以下的人有53%表示他們愿意與需要他們幫助的年邁父親或母親同住，而65歲以上的人只有四分之一表示會接受其成年子女的邀請與之同住。
這種態度公然挑戰了頑固的傳統文化觀念。在舊觀念里，祖父母，子女，孫子和孫女應該在同一屋檐下生活，成長，老去，這是從遠古時代遺留下來的傳統——那時，無論喜歡還是不喜歡，人們沒有選擇，只能多代同堂。
“我覺得這種老思想仍然存在是因為我們總是在追溯過去，”比爾?默茨說，“這玩意兒已經是博物館里的古董了�？纯措娨暫碗娪袄锖诵募彝ナ窃趺催^圣誕節的�！�
“自從二戰以來人們就不那樣生活了。士兵們從戰場歸來后，并沒有搬到父母的住宅區里。他們到郊區去居住，或在全國各地落腳。”
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