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商務口語:保險 Insurance
Brief Introduction
在國際貿易中，貨物從賣方到達買方，通常要經過長途的運輸、裝卸和存儲等過程。在此過程中，貨物常常會遇到許多風險。為了保障貨物遭受損失時能得到一定的補償，買方或賣方應在貨物裝船后向保險公司投保貨物運輸險。
對外貿易的運輸保險是指：被保險人（出口人或進口人）對一批或若干批貨物向保險人按一定金額投保一定的險別，并交納保險費；保險人承保后，如果所保貨物在運輸過程中發生約定范圍內的損失，應按照所出具的保險單的規定給予被保險人經濟上的補償。
投保時，通常選擇平安險（F.P.A.），水漬險（W.A.或W.P.A. ）或一切險（A.R.）三種基本險別中的一種，然后，加保其他必要的特殊附加險別。
Basic Expressions
1. We have covered insurance on 1，000 cases of beer for 110% of the invoice value against all risks.
我們已將一千箱啤酒按發票金額的百分之一百一十投保一切險。
2. If you desire us to insure against a special risk， an extra premium will have to be charged.
如你想投保特殊險別，將向你收取額外保費。
3. This risk is coverable at a premium of 0.25%.
該險別的保險費是百分之零點二五。
4. The insurance company insures this risk with 5% franchise.
保險公司保這種險有百分之五的免賠額。
5. After loading the goods on board the ship， you must go to the insurance company to have them insured.
貨船裝船后，你必須找保險公司為貨物投保。
6. We can serve you with a broad range of coverage against all kinds of risks for sea transport， such as Free of Particular Average （F. P.A.）， With Particular Average （W.P.A.）， All Risks and Extraneous Risks.
我們可以承保海洋運輸的所有險別，如：平安險、水漬險、一切險 和附加險。
7. W.P.A. plus Risk of Breakage suit your consignment.
貴方貨物適合于投保水漬險及破碎險。
8. The premium is calculated according to the premium rate or rates for risks to be covered.
保險費是根據投保險別的保險費率計算的。
9. They will undertake to compensate you for the losses according to the risks insured.
他們將根據所投保的險別，對損失負責賠償。
10. We are able to cover all kinds of risks for transportation by sea， land and air.
我們可以辦理海運、陸運和空運的所有險別。
11. We won't have such a risk included， as it is not stipulated in the Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses.
我們不能投保此項險別，因為海洋運輸條款中沒有包括這一險別。
12. Do you cover risk other than W.P.A. and War Risk？
除了水漬險和戰爭險外，你們還保其他險嗎？
13. As a rule， the extra premium involved will be for buyer's account.
按常規，額外保險費應由買方負責。
14. Please note that our insurance coverage is for 110% of the invoice value only.
請注意我們的保險范圍只是發票金額的百分之一百一十。
15. How long is the period from the commencement to termination of the insurance？
保險責任的起訖期限有多長？
16. We adopt the warehouse-to-warehouse clause that is commonly used in international insurance.
我們采用國際保險中常用的“倉至倉”的責任條款。
17. According to international practice， we do not insure against such risks unless the buyers call for them.
按照國際慣例，我們不投保這些險別，除非買主提出要求投保。
18. Breakage is a special risk， for which an extra premium will have to be charged.
破碎險是一種特別險，需收取額外保險費。
19. Because they aren't delicate goods and not likely to be damaged on the voyage.
因為這些不是易碎易損的貨物，航行中不大可能被損壞。
Conversations
Dialogue 1
A： Good afternoon， Mr. Brown. My appointment was at 4 o'clock， wasn't it？
B： Yes， Mrs. Wang. We have been expecting you. Mrs. Wang， this is Mr. Jordan of the People's Insurance Company of China. He has come to explain the unfortunate affair about the insurance.
A： Thank you for coming. Mr. Brown， as you may recall， the
February consignment arrived at Manila seriously damaged. The loss through breakage was over 30% of the consignment. We've presented a claim to the underwriters through your firm， but the insurance company refused to admit liability， as there was no insurance on breakage. We naturally were not satisfied with such a reply.
B： I should like to hear what Mr. Jordan has to say about it. You know of course that we， the sellers， are merely acting as mediators in this matter. The Insurance Company is responsible for the claim， as far as it is within the scope of coverage.
J： That's just the point. The loss in question was beyond the
coverage granted by us. According to your instructions， we made out an insurance certificate covering W.P.A. and the risk of break- age wasn't mentioned in it. We rang up the Ceramics Section of Light Industrial Products Import & Export Corporation， but were told that their customer had not asked for coverage in case of breakage.
—— 下午好，布朗先生。我們約好四點鐘見面，是不是？
—— 是的，王小姐。我們一直在等你。王小姐，這位是中國人民保險公 司的喬丹先生。他是來解釋這次不幸事件的保險問題的。
—— 謝謝你來。布朗先生，你也許記得，二月份發運到馬尼拉的那批貨 物破碎嚴重。破碎損失超過這批貨物的百分之三十。我們已通過你 們公司向保險公司提出了索賠，但保險公司以沒投保破碎險為由， 拒絕承擔責任。我們當然對這種回答不滿意。
—— 我想聽聽喬丹先生對此有什么看法。當然，你是知道的，我們賣方 對這種事只是個調解人。只要在保險責任范圍內，保險公司就應負 賠償責任。
—— 問題就在這里。你說的損失并不包括在我們承保的責任范圍之內。 根據你們的要求，我們出具了投保水漬險的保險憑證，但沒提及到 破碎險。我們曾打電話給輕工業品公司陶瓷品部，但他們說，客戶 并未要求投保破碎險。
B： In the letter of credit only coverage for all marine risks？was requested. I should like to point out that our prices were calcu- lated without insurance for any special risk. So we applied for the usual W.P.A. coverage and let our customers deal with the matter of breakage. Since the validity of the letter of credit was going to expire in two days， there was no time to write for more detailed instructions. If the L/C had been valid for a longer period， we should have had time to make the matter thoroughly clear.
A： Mr. Brown， our import license only ran up to the middle of February， consequently we were not able to extend the validity of the letter of credit. But we presume that the wording of our L/C implies covering the risk of breakage. Besides， when I take a W.P. A. insurance， that is， with particular average， I should think the risk of breakage is a par ticular average， isn't it？
J： Not every breakage is a particular average. It is a particular aver- age when the breakage results from natural ca lam i ties or mar i time accidents， such as stranding and sinking of the car ry ing vessel， or is attributable to fire， explosion or collision. If none of these conditions occur， break age is often considered as an or di nary loss and rep re sents what we call ？inherent vice or nature of the subject matter insured？ which is outside the scope of the coverage.
—— 信用證只要求投保“綜合海運險”。我想要指出的是，我們的價格 沒把任何特殊險計算在內，所以我們只投保了通常的水漬險，而讓 我們的客戶自行辦理破碎險事宜。由于信用證兩天內就要到期，來 不及寫出更詳細的說明。如果信用證的有效期長一點的話，我們就 會有時間把事情徹底說清楚。
—— 布朗先生，我們進口許可證的有效期到二月中旬截止，因此我們無 法延長信用證的有效期。但是我方認為信用證的措辭包含了投保破 碎險。此外，當我投保水漬險時，那就是對單獨海損要負責賠償， 我想破碎險是屬于一種單獨海損，對不對？
—— 并不是所有破碎險都是屬于單獨海損。只是由于自然災害或意外事 故所造成的破碎，如貨船擱淺與沉沒，或歸因于著火、爆炸、或碰 撞所引起的破碎才算是屬于單獨海損。如果沒有發生上述事故，破 碎便常被認為是一種普通損失，也就是我們所說的，由于“貨物內 在缺陷或特性”所引起的損失，不屬于承保范圍之內。
A： But the risk of breakage is covered by marine insurance， isn't it？
J： Certainly， but it is a usual practice to make specific mention in the insurance policy or certificate that the risk of breakage is included. The inclusion of this special risk will be subject to an additional premium that will normally be higher than the basic insurance for the ordinary marine risks. The rate for such risk will vary accord- ing to the kind of commodity， or， as in ceramics， according to the fragility of the goods. I think you must know all about that.
A： Well， I have heard something about it but I can't say that it is very clear to me. I must admit I'm a layman as far as insurance is concerned.
J： Then let me explain this insurance.
B： Mrs. Wang， would you care for a cup of tea？ Or some coffee？
A： Thank you. A cup of tea would be nice. And now， let me hear more about the problem of insurance.
—— 但破碎險是包括在海洋運輸貨物險之內，對不對？
—— 當然，可是按照通常慣例要在保險單或保險憑證上特別注明破碎 險包括在內。包括這種特別險就必須附加保險費。這種保險費一 般要比通常的海洋運輸貨物險的基本險高。這類險別的保險費率 將根據貨物種類，比如陶瓷器，根據貨物的易脆性而有所不同。我想這些你應該都知道。
—— 哦，我聽說過一些，但我不能說很清楚。我得承認，就保險而言，我是個外行。
—— 那我來解釋一下這種保險吧。
—— 王小姐，想喝杯茶呢還是咖啡？
—— 謝謝，來杯茶倒挺好的。現在，我還想再聽聽關于保險的問題。
Dialogue 2
W： Do I understand that All Marine Risks means less than All Risks？
J： The English understand by marine risks？only risks incident to transport by sea， such as collision， stranding， fire， pen e tra tion of sea water into the holds of the ships， etc. In other words， under ？all marine risks？ recoverable loss will only be con fined to those arising from perils of the sea and maritime accidents only. The all risks？coverage will admit all losses occurring at any time throughout the whole currency of the coverage， irrespective of whether they are caused by accidents at sea or on land. In this sense， all marine risks provides a more limited cover than all risks？
W： I see. Another thing I don't understand at this moment is the advantage of W.P.A. coverage. I thought that the W.P.A. insurance should cover all principal risks while， according to what you say， it means very little. It seems to be a phrase without much substance. Then what is the difference between W.P.A. and F.P.A.？
—— 那么，“一切海洋運輸貨物險”是否意味著比“一切險”范圍狹一些呢？
—— 英國人對“海洋運輸貨物險”只理解為海運中的意外風險，諸如 船舶碰撞、擱淺、起火、海水侵入船艙等。換句話說，投保“一 切海洋運輸貨物險”，其損失的賠償只限于因海上災難和海運意外事故所引起的損失。而�！耙磺须U”，在全部承保期內的任何時期，不論海上或陸上所產生的意外事故，其全部損失都予以賠償。在 這個意義上，“一切海洋運輸貨物險”比“一切險”所承保的責任 范圍更為有限。
—— 我懂了。另外一件事我現在還不明白的是，�！八疂n險”有什么 好處。 我原以為“水漬險”應包括全部主要風險，而根據你所說 的，它的承保責任卻是很少。徒有其名，而沒有本質意義。那么，“水漬險”與“平安險”有什么區別呢？
J： This is a question that is very often overlooked， Mrs. Wang. It is a very common but mistaken idea that a merchant has done everything that is required to protect him against loss es when he has taken out W.P.A. insurance. There is， perhaps， no mistake more det ri men tal to his interests.
W： That interests me very much. I must confess that I was under the impression that W.P.A. insurance was quite sufficient and that losses due to breakage were covered. I know that F.P.A. insur- ance does not cover losses on consumer goods， but I did think that the W.P.A. in sur ance covered more risks than the F.P.A.
J： Actually it is like this. There is some difference between W.P.A. and F.P.A. The F.P.A. clause does not cover par tial loss of the nature of particular average， whereas the W.P.A. claus es cover such losses when they exceed a prearranged percentage. This is the only dif fer ence between W.P.A. and F.P.A. Otherwise， the protection under the F.P.A. clause will be al most identical with that of fered by the W.P.A. clause， because in the event of mari- time ac ci dents en coun tered in transit， such as stranding， fire， explosion or collision， both clauses will cov er particular average losses in full.
—— 王小姐，這是一個經常被人忽略的問題。這是個很普通卻又是個 很錯誤的想法，那就是商人投保了“水漬險”，便以為足以保障其 利益不受損失�？峙聸]別的錯誤比這個更有損他自己的利益的了。
—— 很有意思。我得承認，以往我總認為投保了“水漬險”就夠了； 而且以為破碎引起的種種損失也包括在內。我知道“平安險”并 不包括消費品的種種損失，但我確實以 為“水漬險”比“平安 險”承保的范圍更大。
—— 確實是這樣�！八疂n險”與“平安險”是有些不同�！捌桨搽U”條款 不包括單獨海損性質的部分損失，而“水漬險”條款當超過事先
商定的百分比時，則包括此類損失。這是“水漬險”與“平安險”唯一不同之處。除此之外，“平安險”條款所承保的責任與 “水漬險”條款所承保的責任差不多相同。因為萬一在運輸途中遭遇海上意外事故，諸如擱淺、著火、爆炸或碰撞，這兩種條款都全部賠償單獨海損的損失。
W： I don't mean to annoy you， Mr. Jordan， but I don't quite grasp this. Couldn't you say it in simpler terms？
J： I'll try. Neither the W.P.A. nor the F.P.A. mentions the risks covered or the risks excluded. The extent of in sur ance is stipulated in the basic policy form and in the various risks clauses. Look at the in sur ance certificates and you will find that the risks of theft and pilferage， freshwater， oil， grease， hooks， breakage， leakage， contamination， deterioration， etc. are specifically mentioned and must be specifically applied for. These are special risks. F.P.A. stands for free of Particular Average？while W. P. A. or W.A. stands for With Particular Average？
W： Mr. Jordan， I must say that you have corrected my ideas about the insurance. I see now that this is far more complicated than I had imagined.
B： Now I know why you often point out to us the wording of some letter of credit which you don't feel happy about. But what are we to do about it？ We must keep to the stipulations of the contract and the letter of credit.
—— 喬丹先生，我并不想讓你生氣，但是我還是不太懂。你能否說得 簡單一點？
—— 我試試看。無論“水漬險”還是“平安險”都不注明包括哪些險別 或者不包括哪些險別。 保險范圍是寫在基本保險單內和各種險別條 款里。你看保險憑證就會發現偷竊險、淡水險、油漬險、油污險、 鉤損險、破碎險、滲漏險、沾污險、變質險等都特加注明，并且必 須特別申保。這些就是特別險。F.P.A.代表Free from Particular
Average（平安險），而W.P.A.或W.A.代表 With Particular Average （水漬險）。
—— 喬丹先生，我得說，你已經改正了我對保險的想法。我現在才明 白，這比我以前想象的要復雜多了。
—— 現在我才知道，你為什么經常向我們指出，你對某些信用證的措辭 感到不愉快。 但現在我們該怎么辦呢？我們一定要遵守合約和信用 證的規定。
W： The blame does not only rest with the letter of credit. For an item like ceramics， I think the Light Industrial Products Corporation should have understood from our letter of cred it that we want ed to cover all the risks， including the risk of breakage. I must say the error was on both sides and I think the loss ought to be shar- ed by both parties， let us say half and half.
B： Our price calculation could hardly admit that. Besides， we act ed upon your instructions， so it is not our fault. But in view of our good relationship， we'll supply you with a favorable offer to com- pensate some of your losses.
J： （rising） I sincerely hope that you will settle the matter to your mutual satisfaction.
W： It goes without saying that both parties must abide by the con- tract terms that we have agreed upon and signed. This blunder， which is due to my ignorance， has cost me a pret ty penny.
B： We also have learned a lesson from this.
W： Well， to compensate a part of the loss， as you suggested， may I ask you to make us a firm offer for 50，000 glazed wall tiles C.I.F. Manila including the risk of breakage， November shipment？
B： We'll make you an offer tomorrow. Come and see us at 9 a.m.
W： Thank you. Tomorrow at 9 then.
—— 問題不只是信用證。對于陶瓷器來說，我想輕工業品公司應從我 們的信用證中領會到我們要保的是“一切險”，包括破碎險在內。 所以我得說雙方都有錯誤，我認為損失應由雙方承擔，我們就對半 負擔吧。
—— 我們的計價不容許這么做。此外，我們是根據你們的要求辦理的， 所以這不是我們的過錯。但鑒于我們之間的良好關系，我們準備給 你提供一個優惠報盤，借以補償你方的一些損失。
—— （站起身來）我衷心希望，你們將這件事情解決至雙方都滿意。
—— 不用說，雙方都必須遵守已經同意并已簽署過的合約條款。這次疏 忽是由于我的無知，使我損失了不少錢。
—— 我們也從這件事吸取了教訓。
—— 如你所說，為了賠償一部分損失，可否請你們報給我們一個實盤： 五萬塊釉面瓷磚包括破碎險在內、馬尼拉到岸價，11月份裝船？
—— 我們明天報價給你，請在上午九點來吧。
—— 謝謝，那么明天九點再見。
Words and Expressions
breakage [5breikidV] 破損險
leakage [5li：kidV] 滲漏險
glazed wall tile 釉面瓷磚
clarify [5klArifai] 澄清；闡明
recall [ ri5kC：l ] 回憶，記起
underwriter [5QndEraitE] 承保人，保險公司
concurrence [kEn5kQrEns] 結合；贊同
fortuity [ fC：5tjuiti ] 偶然，意外
mediator [`mi：dIeItE ] 調停人，中間人
coverage [ 5kQvEridV ] 保險項目
liability [ 7laiE5biliti ] 責任，義務
stranding [ `strAndiN ] 擱淺
wording [ 5wE：diN ] 措辭；用語
explosion [ iks5plEuVEn ] 爆炸
collision [ kE5liVEn ] 碰撞；沖突
deterioration [ di7tiEriE5reiFEn ] 變質（變壞）
premium [ 5primjEm ] 保險費
layman [5leImEn] 外行
fragility [frE5dViliti] 脆弱，易碎
inclusion [in5klu：VEn] 包括；包含
detrimental [7detri5mentl] 有害的，不利的
Notes
1. basic policy form 基本保險單（指印刷的保單文字）
2. to file a complaint 提出異議（申訴）
3. results from maritime accident 海上事故造成的結果
4. inherent vice 固有缺陷
5. to refuse to admit liability 拒絕承擔責任
6. to be merely acting as mediators in this matter
在此事上僅僅作為中間調停人
7. within the scope of coverage 在承保險別范圍內
8. to the satisfaction of 以滿足
A Specimen Letter
Dear sirs：
We are glad to inform you that your order No.124 will be shipped per s/s peace？ due to leave here at the end of this month.
Unless otherwise instructed， we will arrange to take out an All Risks insurance policy for you on your order. This type of coverage is， in our opinion， necessary for a cargo of this nature.
Yours faithfully，
先生：
很高興通知您，貴方124號訂單的貨物將裝上“和平輪”，該輪定于本月底啟程。
如不另行通知，我們將為你方貨物投保一切險。我們認為，對這類貨物投保這種險別是非常必要的。
Substitution Drills
1 As a rule， we don't cover them unless you would like to.
need
insist
一般來說，我們不會投保這些險除非你們 愿意。
要求
堅決要求
2 You can be sure that we will have the merchandise insured as soon as they are shipped.
commodity
goods
你們可以放心，貨物運輸時，我們會給貨物投保的。
保險
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