英語專業論文答辯陳述及技巧

英語專業論文答辯陳述及技巧

　　一、自述(用英語完成)：

　　1、先問好，再開始自述，自述時間為5-10分鐘，要簡明扼要。 Good morning, all appraises committee members.

　　I am ___ and my supervisor is ___. The title of my paper is____.

　　2、接下來，一般要做一個大概十分鐘的presentation

　　在答辯前可從以下角度去考慮準備答辯：

　　1、自己為什么選擇這個課題?

　　2、研究這個課題的意義和目的是什么?

　　3、全文的基本框架、基本結構是如何安排的?

　　4、全文的各部分之間邏輯關系如何?

　　5、在研究本課題的過程中，發現了那些不同見解?對這些不同的意見，自己是怎樣逐步認識的?又是如何處理的?

　　6、論文雖未論及，但與其較密切相關的問題還有哪些?

　　7、還有哪些問題自己還沒有搞清楚，在論文中論述得不夠透徹?

　　8、寫作論文時立論的主要依據是什么?

　　對以上問題應仔細想一想，必要時要用筆記整理出來，寫成發言提綱，在答辯時用。

　　英文論文答辯開場白 (一)

　　Good morning,

　　Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ： I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.

　　My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first

　　part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part. Thank you!

　　(二)

　　Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

　　The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.

　　I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the

　　transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.

　　The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.

　　part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part. Thank you! (二)Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction. The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills. The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.

　　So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

　　Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

　　Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.

　　Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.

　　Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.

　　Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.

　　Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the

　　translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.

　　OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

　　(三)

　　Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am *** and my supervisor is prof.***. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.

　　The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with

　　this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

　　Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

　　This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

　　Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!

　　(四)

　　Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei.

　　Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels' addicts. For the above facts, I select the subject of “on the network novels” as the title of my paper. Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that.

　　The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.

　　The second part, the classification of their authors. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of authors. The first kind is some people who have favor of literature, they are writing but not for fame. Then, there is some one has favor for literature and also be for fame. The third kind is some people who have explicit goals at the beginning of his writing. And the last kind are some people who just want to express their view, their viewpoint and their feeling with no desire of being published. They take up the most of the authors.

　　The third part, the development. The network novels’ development can not separate form the development of the net and the literature websites. Its developing process may be divided into three stages approximately. The first stage is from 1996 to 2000. This time's literary work often did not strive for (were also not aware of) the fame and fortune, and moreover received the control of tradition. The second stage is beginning of 21st century, mainly contains 2001 and 2002. In this period, the whole network presented the situation of “chaos”. The third stage is from May, 2003 and continues until now. In this period, many schools come into the world, and when a school became a hit there must be many people mimic it. The last part, the forecast. Looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. If each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, delete the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person’s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.

　　Not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.

　　二、答辯(用英語完成)：

　　一般來說，老師會提問與你論文相關的問題。

　　可以是大的方面的：論文的背景知識、寫作思路、論文的結構、論文所解決問題的意義等。

　　附：論文答辯技巧及常見問題

　　1、自己為什么選擇這個課題?

　　2、研究這個課題的意義和目的是什么?

　　3、全文的基本框架、基本結構是如何安排的? 4、全文的各部分之間邏輯關系如何?

　　5、在研究本課題的過程中，發現了那些不同見解?對這些不同的意見，自己是怎樣逐步認識的?又是如何處理的?

　　6、論文雖未論及，但與其較密切相關的問題還有哪些?

　　7、還有哪些問題自己還沒有搞清楚，在論文中論述得不夠透徹?

        8、寫作論文時立論的主要依據是什么?

　　對以上問題應仔細想一想，必要時要用筆記整理出來，寫成發言提綱，在答辯時用。這樣才能做到有備無患，臨陣不慌。

　　二、答辯技巧

　　學生首先要介紹一下論文的概要，這就是所謂“自述報告”，須強調一點的是“自述”而不是“自讀”。這里重要的技巧是必須注意不能照本宣讀，把報告變成了“讀書”。“照本宣讀”是第一大忌。這一部分的內容可包括寫作動機、緣由、研究方向、選題比較、研究范圍、圍繞這一論題的最新研究成果、自己在論文中的新見解、新的理解或新的突破。做到概括簡要，言簡意賅。不能占用過多時間，一般以十分鐘為限。所謂“削繁去冗留清被，畫到無時是熟時”，就是說，盡量做到詞約旨豐，一語中的。要突出重點，把自己的最大收獲、最深體會、最精華與最富特色的部分表述出來。這里要注意一忌主題不明;二忌內容空泛，東拉西扯;三忌平平淡淡，沒有重點。

　　在答辯時，學生要注意儀態與風度，這是進入人們感受渠道的第一信號。如果答辯者能在最初的兩分種內以良好的儀態和風度體現出良好的形象，就有了一個良好的開端。有人將人的體態分解為最小單位來研究(如頭、肩、胸、脊、腰等)認為凹胸顯現怯懦、自卑，挺胸顯示情緒高昂—但過分則為傲慢自負;肩手頸正顯示正直、剛強，脊背挺拔體現嚴肅而充滿自信。但過于如此，就會被人看作拘泥刻板保守，略為彎腰有度，稍稍欠身可表示謙虛禮貌。孫中山先生曾說過“其所具風度姿態，即使全場有肅然起敬之心，舉動格式又須使聽者有安靜詳和之氣”他的這番金玉良言，對我們確實有很大的啟發。

　　在聽取教師提問時所要掌握的技巧要領是：

　　沉著冷靜，邊聽邊記

　　精神集中，認真思考

　　既要自信，又要虛心

　　實事求是，絕不勉強

　　聽準聽清，聽懂聽明

　　在回答問題時所要掌握的技巧是構思時要求每個問題所要答的“中心”“癥結”“關健”在哪里?從哪一個角度去回答問題最好?應舉什么例子來證明?回答問題的內容實質上是一段有組織的“口頭作文”。這就要一、文章應有論點、論據。二、有開頭主體與結尾。三、有條理、有層次。四、應用詞確當，語言流暢。五、應口齒清楚、語速適度。開頭要簡潔：單刀直入，是最好的開頭，開門見山地表述觀點，在答辯中是最好的辦法。主體部份的表述可條分縷析，即把所要回答的內容逐條歸納分析，實際上是對自己掌握的材料由此及彼，由表及里地做整理。這樣的表述就不會流于表面，而能深入本質。條分縷析可以把自己掌握的一些實際例子合并，整理成若干條目，列成幾個小標題：分成幾點，一點一點，一條一條地說出。滿碗的飯必須一口一口吃，滿肚子的道理也必須一條一條講出來，環環相扣，條條相連，令人聽完后有清楚的印象。假如在準備的時候已經準備了一個較完整的提綱，那么沿著回答問題的主線，再穿上一些玉珠(舉例子)就可以做到中心明確，條理清楚，有理有例了。

　　作為將要參加論文答辯同學，首先而且必須對自己所著的畢業論文內容有比較深刻理解和比較全面的熟悉。這是為回答畢業論文答辯委員會成員就有關畢業論文的深度及相關知識面而可能提出的論文答辯問題所做的準備。所謂“深刻的理解”是對畢業論文有橫向的把握。例如題為《創建名牌產品發展民族產業》的論文，畢業論文答辯委員會可能會問“民族品牌”與“名牌”有何關系。盡管畢業論文中未必涉及“民族品牌”，但 參加論文答辯的學生必須對自己的畢業論文有“比較全面的熟悉”和“比較深刻的理解”，否則，就會出現尷尬局面。 二、論文答辯——圖表穿插 任何畢業論文，無論是文科還是理科都或多或少地涉及到用圖表表達論文觀點的可能，故我認為應該有此準備。圖表不僅是一種直觀的表達觀點的方法，更是一種調節論文答辯會氣氛的手段，特別是對私人論文答辯委員會成員來講，長時間地聽述，聽覺難免會有排斥性，不再對你論述的內容接納吸收，這樣，必然對你的畢業論文答辯成績有所影響。所以，應該在論文答辯過程中適當穿插圖表或類似圖表的其它媒介以提高你的論文答辯成績。 三、論文答辯——語流適中

　　進行畢業論文答辯的同學一般都是首次。無數事實證明，他們論文答辯時，說話速度往往越來越快，以致畢業答辯委員會成員聽不清楚，影響了畢業答辯成績。故畢業答辯學生一定要注意在論文答辯過程中的語流速度，要有急有緩，有輕有重，不能像連珠炮似地轟向聽眾。 四、論文答辯——目光移動

　　畢業生在論文答辯時，一般可脫稿，也可半脫稿，也可完全不脫稿。但不管哪種方式，都應注意自己的目光，使目光時常地瞟向論文答辯委員會成員及會場上的同學們。這是你用目光與聽眾進行心靈的交流，使聽眾對你的論題產生興趣的一種手段。在畢業論文答辯會上，由于聽的時間過長，委員們難免會有分神現象，這時，你用目光的投射會很禮貌地將他們的神“拉”回來，使委員們的思路跟著你的思路走。

　　五、論文答辯——體態語輔助

　　雖然畢業論文答辯同其它論文答辯一樣以口語為主，但適當的體態語運用會輔助你的論文答辯，使你的論文答辯效果更好。特別是手勢語言的恰當運用會顯得自信、有力、不容辯駁。相反，如果你在論文答辯過程中始終直挺挺地站著，或者始終如一地低頭俯視，即使你的論文結構再合理、主題再新穎，結論再正確，論文答辯效果也會大受影響。所以在畢業論文答辯時，一定要注意使用體態語。

　　六、論文答辯——時間控制

　　一般在比較正規的論文答辯會上，都對辯手有答辯時間要求，因此，畢業 論文答辯學生在進行論文答辯時應重視論文答辯時間的掌握。對論文答辯時間的控制要有力度，到該截止的時間立即結束，這樣，顯得有準備，對內容的掌握和控制也輕車熟路，容易給畢業論文答辯委員會成員一個良好的印象。故在畢業論文答辯前應該對將要答辯的內容有時間上的估計。當然在畢業論文答辯過程中靈活地減少或增加也是對論文答辯時間控制的一種表現，應該重視。

　　七、論文答辯——緊扣主題

　　在校園中進行畢業論文答辯，往往辯手較多，因此，對于畢業論文答辯委員會成員來說，他們不可能對每一位的畢業論文內容有全面的了解，有的甚至連畢業論文題目也不一定熟悉。因此，在整個論文答辯過程中能否圍繞主題進行，能否最后扣題就顯得非常重要了。另外，委員們一般也容易就論文題目所涉及的問題進行提問，如界能自始至終地以論文題目為中心展開論述就會使評委思維明朗，對你的畢業論文給予肯定。

　　八、論文答辯——人稱使用

　　在畢業論文答辯過程中必然涉及到人稱使用問題，我建議盡量多地使用第一人稱，如“我”“我們”即使論文中的材料是引用他人的，用“我們引用”了哪兒哪兒的數據或材料，特別是畢業論文大多是稱自己作的，所以要更多使用而且是果斷地、大膽地使用第一人稱“我”和“我們”。如果是這樣，會使人有這樣的印象：東西是你的，工作做了不少!(摘自：《青年科學》2003.8，原文：“畢業論文答辯應注意的幾個問題”

　　論文答辯是學生學習結束時必不可少的一個環節。其目的是考查學生：

　　1.能否聽懂并正確理解老師提問的主旨; 2.答辯是否深刻、有力和流暢;

　　3.對論文觀點闡述得是否透徹; 4.是否了解與論文有關的知識。

　　學生通過積極準備論文答辯不僅可以增長知識，溫故知新，而且可以拓寬和加深專業知識，提高自己的能力。

　　論文答辯的形式是分組進行，設多個考場，每個考場有兩名以上答辯老師。學生進入考場獨立面對答辯老師，對老師的提問當場作答。論文答辯以答為主，以辯為輔。 因此，學生在平時的學習過程中必須注意提高自己的聽說能力。聽力不太好的學生，一旦由于緊張沒聽懂老師問的問題，可以請老師把問題重復一遍，而不是不懂裝懂、答非所問地亂講一通。如果老師重復一遍剛提的問題，你還是弄不明白，老師只好轉入下一個問題了。

　　答辯前應做好充分的準備，最重要的是熟悉論文的內容及自己的觀點。學生參加答辯，要攜帶論文的底稿和主要參考資料，以便入場前再熟悉一下自己的論文。答辯時雖然不能依賴這些資料，但遇到一時記不起來時，可以稍微翻閱一下有關資料。答辯時可以把老師所提出的問題和有價值的意見、見解記錄下來。通過記錄，不僅可以減緩緊張心理，而且還可以更好地吃透老師所提問的要害和實質，同時還可以邊記邊思考，使思考的過程變得很自然。

　　在做了充分準備的基礎上，大可不必緊張，要有自信心。樹立信心，消除緊張慌亂心理很重要，因為過度的緊張會使本來可以回答出來的向題也答不上來。只有充滿自信，沉著冷靜，才會在答辯時有良好的表現。下面是一些簡單可行的實例供學生參考：

　　考官開頭常問的一些問題：

　　1.W ill you please give US a self-introduction? 有些學生可能由于緊張沒聽清問題便開始背誦論文的內容，結果造成答非所問。

　　2.Give US a presentation of your thesis.有些學生一聽到‘thesis’便詳細而又不理解地背誦其論文內容，在被打斷之后便不知該說什么。其實，考官只是想知道你對論文的總體了解，讓你簡單闡明自己論文的內容與觀點。

　　3.W hy do you choose such a theme?/

　　W hat do you want the reader get from your thesis? 對于這個問題，你可以談談你的喜好，你想要讀者從中得到什么。

　　4.W hat is the uniqueness of your point of view? 對于這個問題，你可以談談你的觀點與他人不同之處及原因。這就要求你有相關知識。

　　之后便是針對你的論文的問題了。下面以一篇論文為例來說明考官從哪些方面來提問。

　　ES

　　1.In your essay there is a sentence："With the development of economics，it is necessary for the

　　countries all over the world to communication with each other." Is there anything wrong with this sentence? Or "Another major difference in western countries，

　　There is related to the traditional culture and religious belief marriage is generally related to them." W hat is the meaning of this sentence?

　　考官問這一問題，是因為你的句子有明顯的語法錯誤。提醒你應該弄明白句子的基本語法，寫論文時應該認真細致。如果是筆誤，你應該馬上發現此句中的錯誤之處。economics應是economy，to communication with each other 應是 to communicate with each other,另一個句子應該是

　　Another major diference in the western marriage is related to their traditional culture and religious belief

　　2.You say "I believe that after some years there will be no difference in nation, color of skin, culture and lan guage." Is it possible? Can people all over the world live in the same nation and have the sanle color of skin，the same culture and lan guage? 這一問題是考查你頭腦是否清楚。全世界的人怎么能是同一膚色，講同一種語言呢?事實上，你沒能正確地表達你的意思。你要表達的意思應該是：

　　As there will be more communication and cultural exchanges between peoples all over the world，

　　people will understand each other better and there will be some changes in their culture and customs.

　　3.Do people in America throw rice to the newly wed couple at the wedding ceremony? Do you have any evidence? 提出這一問題是考查你的相關知識。既然把它作為論文來研究，必然要了解很多相關的知識，而且一定有論據來支持你的觀點。為使論文有說服力，寫論文時應閱讀大量相關書籍。

　　4.Yo u have mentioned the Tradional Chinese Wedding.Does it only belong to Chinese minoriethnic group or to the general? 這一問題是考查你在利用某種素材時是否認真思考過。你所描述的應該是中國普遍的婚俗而不是某一地區、某一少數民族的婚俗，因為中國有很多少數民族，而他們有著自己很獨特的婚俗。

　　5.In your essay you described both the traditional and the modern wedding in English speaking countries, esp，

　　U.S.and Britain.Why not the modem wedding in China?

　　你的論文的目的應該是促進全球文化交流，但你僅僅描述一種在中國少見的婚俗，卻大量描述了西方的傳統和現代的婚俗，這在結構上失衡，還會誤導讀者，不僅起不到全球文化交流的作用，還會使人們對中國文化產生誤解。這里只是就一篇論文為例，來直觀地說明在寫論文和答辯時應該注意的事項，大家可以舉一反三。

　　總之，要通過論文答辯，應注意：

　　1.在平時的學習過程中必須注意提高自己的聽說能力。

　　2.答辯前應做好充分的準備，最重要的是熟悉論文的內容及自己的觀點。這一點十分重要，如果不熟悉論文的內容及自己的觀點，答辯時很難自圓其說。 3.要有自信心。當然，自信來自事先的充分準備。

　　首先，你應該把你論文中涉及到的概念都弄清楚，它們的定義是什么，應該能用英語做簡單的講解。比如，禮貌準則 ， 這就是一個概念，老師可能會問，“什么是禮貌準則?”“禮貌準則起什么作用?”等;在這個基礎上，把這些概念相聯系的方面也準備一下： 比如，禮貌準則與日常交流、禮貌準則與英語教學等。

　　老師問的問題也是基于你的論文中探討的東西，你只要對所討論的題目清楚明了，把這些變成自己的話用自然流暢的英語表達出來，應該是沒有問題的。有時候，老師可能提一些這樣的問題，比如，“Where do you find this quotation?”"Do you agree with it? and why?"

　　在回答這類問題的時候，不能只給出一個簡單的信息，要展開一下。例如， I cited this from Dr. Samovar and Porter, from their book "Communication between Cultures", in a chapter in which they discuss the possibilities that cause communication breakdown.I find it supportive to my arguments here.

　　開場白里面簡單地介紹自己的研究和論文的主題，為什么選擇這個項目。簡單說幾句研究過程和方法。這里一定要給出一個Roadmap, 也就是說明你的論文有幾部分，每一部分里面都探討的什么問題。這一點很重要。

　　對于自己不清楚的問題，可以看看老師的問題和你的研究是不是有focus 上的差異，這樣你可以強調一下這種差異，因不是你的研究重點，你沒有過多在意。不會就是不會，可以讓老師來回答這個問題。

　　注意答辯過程中和老師的目光交流。回答問題時要看著他們的眼睛，聲音要洪亮，這樣才能表達出你的自信。

　　首先，你應該把你論文中涉及到的概念都弄清楚，它們的定義是什么，應該能用英語做簡單的講解。比如，禮貌準則 ， 這就是一個概念，老師可能會問，“什么是禮貌準則?”“禮貌準則起什么作用?”等;在這個基礎上，把這些概念相聯系的方面也準備一下： 比如，禮貌準則與日常交流、禮貌準則與英語教學等。

　　老師問的問題也是基于你的論文中探討的東西，你只要對所討論的題目清楚明了，把這些變成自己的話用自然流暢的英語表達出來，應該是沒有問題的。有時候，老師可能提一些這樣的問題，比如，“Where do you find this quotation?”"Do you agree with it? and why?"

　　在回答這類問題的時候，不能只給出一個簡單的信息，要展開一下。例如， I cited this from Dr. Samovar and Porter, from their book "Communication between Cultures", in a chapter in which they discuss the possibilities that cause communication breakdown.I find it supportive to my arguments here.

　　開場白里面簡單地介紹自己的研究和論文的主題，為什么選擇這個項目。簡單說幾句研究過程和方法。這里一定要給出一個Roadmap, 也就是說明你的論文有幾部分，每一部分里面都探討的什么問題。這一點很重要。

　　對于自己不清楚的問題，可以看看老師的問題和你的研究是不是有focus 上的差異，這樣你可以強調一下這種差異，因不是你的研究重點，你沒有過多在意。不會就是不會，可以讓老師來回答這個問題。

　　注意答辯過程中和老師的目光交流。回答問題時要看著他們的眼睛，聲音要洪亮，這樣才能表達出你的自信。

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