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高考英語聽力解題策略與技巧(一)
高考英語聽力解題策略與技巧龍巖一中 俞菊仙
一、高考英語聽力對考生的要求
聽力題,作為高考英語試題的開篇,是高考試題中的重點之一,占全卷30分?忌瓿傻煤貌缓弥苯佑绊懙綄ζ渌碱}的發揮。高考對英語聽力部分的要求是:要求考生聽懂有關日常生活中的熟悉話題的簡短獨白和對話。要求考生具備以下能力:⒈ 理解主旨要義的能力;⒉ 理解話語之間的邏輯關系,獲取事實性的具體信息的能力;⒊ 對所聽內容做出簡單推斷的能力;⒋ 從聽力材料中提取信息和觀點的能力;⒌ 理解說話者意圖、觀點或態度的能力;⒍ 能聽懂委婉的建議或勸告,識別不同語氣所表達的不同情感的能力。
學習語言的人都知道,聽的能力是非常重要的。聽是理解和吸收口頭信息表達的能力;是吸收和鞏固語言知識及培養說、讀、寫語言能力的重要手段。而且,高考聽力測試中的材料內容涉及生活的方方面面。因此,在高中教學中,注重聽力教學是培養學生綜合語言運用能力的重要渠道。
二、影響學生聽力的幾個因素
⒈ 語音知識。人們往往通過語音來辨別所聽到的內容,語音是語言教學的基礎。聽力理解的過程從辨音開始,如果學生自己的語音、語調不規范,就無法辨別所聽材料中語句的含義。因此,學生在平時應重視語音,熟練了解語句重音、節奏、音速、連讀、不完全爆破及語調知識。
例題 1:
Where is the shoe shop?
A. On the west side of the shopping centre. B. Opposite the shopping centre. C. Near the cafeteria.
錄音材料:
M: Could you tell me where the shoe shop is?
W: Yes. The shoe shop is on the east of the shopping centre, close to the cafeteria.
M: Thank you very much.
解題分析: 學生把“east”聽成“west”而錯選A項。答案:C
例題 2:
Which is the speaker’s favorite place to read the newspaper?
A. The garden. B. The bedroom. C. The bathroom.
解題分析:在聽錄音材料時,把“bathroom”聽成“bedroom”,其中學生主觀上也認為在bedroom閱讀報紙較為適宜。尤其美國音“a”的發音是[ æ ]。學生更容易混。答案:C
例題3:
How much is the book ?
A. $ 9.50 B. $ 9.15 C. $19.15
錄音材料:
M: Excuse me .Can you tell me how much the book is ? W: Yes, it’s nine fifteen .
解題分析:學生容易把-teen結尾的數詞與以-ty結尾的數詞混淆, “thirteen” 與 “thirty ” “fourteen ” 與“forty ”等等常常是學生聽力的難點。平時要特別注意。答案:B.
⒉ 詞匯因素。高考聽力測試中所用詞匯和短語不超出《考綱》的范圍,但詞匯量的大小直接影響到學生聽力的成效。因此,要拓寬學生的詞匯量,盡可能掌握《考綱》中的詞匯及短語,有助于考生領悟連貫語流中的詞匯的意群。
⑴ 詞匯生疏情況
例題1 :
Where did Ted plan to go? A. To the barber’s. B. To the office. C. To the centre.
錄音材料:
M: Hello, Lucy. This is Bob Smith in the centre. Is Ted there?
W: Not yet, Bob. He phoned me from the office 10 minutes ago to say that he was going to have his hair cut. 解題分析:學生不知道“barber”是理發店的意思,不知如何選,就憑感覺亂選。答案:A
例題2 :
Where does the conversation probably take place? A. On a plane. B. On a bus. C. In a taxi.
錄音材料:
W: Fasten your seat belt please, sir? M: Of course, I didn’t realize that we were going to land so soon.
解題分析:學生不理解“land”是飛機下降,降落著地的意思,只記得“land”是“陸地”、“地方”的意思。 答案:A
⑵ 詞匯替代情況
例題:
Why can’t the man go swimming now?
A. He must meet his teacher. B. He must attend a class. C. He must go out with his girlfriend.
錄音材料:
W: John, do you want to go swimming with me today?
M: Sure. But I can’t leave now. I have an appointment with my professor at three o’clock.
解題分析:學生對于“appointment”的意思是約會、約定,這里指安排與老師會晤!癿eet”除了有“遇見”的意思外,還可以作“約定、會面”或“晤談”,有同學把“meet”誤解為(男女)約會,又有同學認為只有上課才與老師見面。答案A。
⑶ 一詞多意情況
例題1 :
Where does the conversation probably take place? A. In a cinema. B. In a clothes shop. C. In a photo shop.
錄音材料:
W: Excuse me, I want to have some films developed? M: OK. Do you want it colour or black – and – white?
解題分析:學生不理解“film”在這個對話中的含意,“film”不僅有作“電影”解的意思,還有作“膠片”的意思,這里講的是沖洗底片。答案:C。
例題2 :
What are the speakers mainly discussing?
A. Making a phone call. B. Traveling to New York. C. Getting some small change.
錄音材料:
M: Excuse me. Can you lend me a coin? Have to make a phone call to New York.
W: I’m sorry. I don’t have any change. You can get some at the service desk, I think.
解題分析:對change一詞多意不理解,只知change改變,不知它作名詞還有“找零錢”的意思。答案:C。
⒊ 句法和語法。高中英語中的句法和語法知識,是幫助我們正確理解有聲材料的必要條件,為我們正確判斷動作發出的時間、動作的執行者和承受者以及虛擬等情況提供必要的依據。
句型結構:
例題:
When will the man stay at 5:00? A. At home. B. At his office. C. At the train station.
錄音材料:
M: Give me a call when you get into town. I’ll pick you up at the train station. W: Shall I call your office?
M: If you get in before 5:30 call the office. Other wise, call my home.
解題分析:學生當錄音材料念到otherwise時,就認為是換而言之,認為我在家。誤選A。答案:B。
⒋ 文化與母語。語言是社會文化的載體,不同的國家、民族與社會文化狀況千差萬別,其語言表達各不相同。了解英語國家的社會、文化、歷史、地理、風俗等背景知識學生對提高聽力特別重要,有助于避免母語干擾,防止中文式的英文理解和聽力理解的偏移。
⑴ 文化母語
例題:
What is the probable relationship between the speakers? A. Neighbours. B. Classmates. C. Colleagues.
錄音材料:
M: So, you have just moved in next door. Do you need anything? W: No, Not right now. But thanks.
M: Well, let me know if you do.
解題分析:學生的思維過程認為“next door”是上班期間,搬的是辦公室,定向思維是每一間辦公室,同時對Colleagues想當然是隔壁辦公室的同事,誤選C。答案A。
例題:
What does the woman think of having friends?
A. It is unnecessary. B. It is bad sometimes. C. It makes his life interesting.
錄音材料:
M: My work has forced me to cancel all fun activities in my life. I can’t even see my friend on the weekend.
W: That doesn’t seem so bad. You have a good job, and you seem to be ready happy with it. Who need friends?
解題分析:中國同學思維,對朋友的理解就是互相關心、互相愛護的友誼。正常心理覺得,有朋友是人生中很有意義、有趣的事,故誤選C。答案:A。
⑵ 俚語:
例題:
What do we know about Lucy?
A. She has caught a bad cold. B. She refused the man’s invitation. C. She will go dancing with the man.
錄音材料:
W: Did Lucy agree to go dancing with you this Friday evening?
M: Well, she turned up her nose at my invitation.
解題分析:學生不理解“turn up one’s nose at…”的意思是“鄙視;嗤之以鼻;瞧不起;看不起某人”“不理睬某人”,由于不能理解,導致一頭霧水,本句的意思是“refuse sb’s invitation”。 答案:B。
三、高考英語聽力解題策略與技巧
⒈ 迅速瀏覽試題,明確內容方向
考生聽前要抓緊時間閱讀題目的選項,以便弄清所聽內容,捕捉重點線索和信息,使聽音具有明確的針對性。通過瀏覽試卷上的文字信息,可以推斷出要聽的對話,或語段將要涉及的話題、情況、時間、場合等相關內容,使自己在聽的過程中處于主動地位,做到心中有數,有的放矢,提高聽的效率。
[例題](2009年高考模擬)
Why will the woman go to London?
A. To have a look at London. B. To go with her friend. C. To spend the weekend.
錄音材料:
M: Are you going to London for next weekend? W: Yes, I will visit a friend of mine while I am there.
解題分析: 這是一道提問原因的題目。提問的是原因why,因此在的聽的過程中應特別注意與此相關的關聯詞,文中出現了常會出現for, because , so等等是解題的關鍵,抓住關鍵詞解題的方法很重要,抓住了前后的因果關系,答案就不言自明了。[答案] C.
⒉ 沉著冷靜,精力集中
聽力考試信息一聽即逝,無法像閱讀材料那樣進行反復閱讀,聽力考試應集中精力,全身放松,保持最佳準備狀態,用閉住雙眼并做深呼吸幫助減輕情緒焦慮。尤其高考聽力第一節,共5段對話,每段對話的錄音材料只播放一次。要把注意力集中到聽音之上,自信沉著,答題要果斷,不能猶豫不決。
例題:
What are the speakers mainly talking about? A. A picture. B. A drink. C. A book.
錄音材料:
W: Would you like a cup of tea? M: No, thank you. Tell me about your book.
W: Oh, it’s not finished yet, but I have some of the pictures. Would you like to see them?
解題分析:學生只聽前面一半對話,就下結論,問人家要不要喝茶就認為是drink。答案:C。
例題:
What are the speakers mainly talking about? A. An actor. B. A player. C. A waiter.
錄音材料:
M: I like the little kid in the movie. I can’t imagine anyone else playing at the role.
W: I like him too, he’s so cute.
解題分析:學生只聽到有playing就認為player. 答案:A。
⒊ 抓住關鍵,推測答案
語言交際離不開語境。比如:在學校常出現教師的學生的對話,談論的內容通常是學習、考試、作業等問題。在醫院醫生和病人的對話,談論內容多為病情、治療、健康等問題。在機場,談論的內容常為航班的班次或起飛的時間,或飛往某地等問題。學生可根據已知的題干內容、關鍵詞及其選項揣測聽力材料的背景、內容及情節,合理運用預測技巧來減少記憶負荷,縮小范圍,提高聽的效率;根據已有的信息進行合乎情理的判斷、分析、推理。從而降低難度,消除緊張心理,增強自信心,進行準確理解。
通過常識推理:
例題:
What are the speakers discussing?
A. A speech on television. B. An article in the newspaper. C. A meeting with the president.
錄音材料:
M: How did you like the president’s speed last night?
W: Unfortunately I got home too late last night to watch it.
解題分析:學生可根據對話的內容,平時積累的背景知識判斷出,是昨晚的電視講話。答案:A。
例題:
What does the woman think of the car’s noise? A. Funny. B. Boring. C. Tolerable.
錄音材料:
M: Do you think this car’s making a funny noise? W: It sounds OK to me.
解題分析:學生可根據對汽車發出的聲音,結合對話,立即可根據常識判斷這樣的題目。答案:C。
⒋ 讀、聽、記結合
學生在聽力時,常常是聽了后面,忘了前面。結果材料聽完了,記住的東西卻不多。對于對話長,信息多的聽力材料,決不能孤立地一個詞一個詞地去聽,要一句一句地連續聽完,注意整聽,聽懂全句的意思,從整體上去理解。根據文字提供的線索,有目的地邊聽邊記,記錄材料中的關鍵詞、重要數字、地名、人名等,特別要記錄大意及一些重要細節有關的詞語。同時,還要提高記錄速度,學生可用縮略語和符號,例如:equal→=;for example→eg. “+”→ plus ; “≈”→ about 等?蓜撛煲恍┻m合自己的縮寫符號進行記錄?捎么、圖形或自己明白的方式進行記錄,腦記和筆記相結合,可以節省時間。
⑴ 通過讀題推理
例題:
① Why does the man look sad?
A. He failed his test again. B. He had to stop his study. C. He couldn’t understand the foreigners.
② How did the woman improve her French?
A. By reading French News paper. B. By watching French films. C. By speaking to herself.
③ What does the woman suggest the man do?
A. Be confident. B. Talk with foreigners. C. Ask the teacher for advice.
錄音材料:
W: You look sad. What’s up?
M: I failed another French exam. I’m never going to learn this language well.
W: Oh, come on. Don’t say that. In the past, my French was very poor. But now it’s pretty good.
M: I wish that would happen to me. How did you do it?
W: I took every chance to practice, such as talking to foreigners, reading French aloud in the morning and even speaking to myself, from time to time.
M: I’ve done the same. But it’s useless. My French hasn’t improved. I don’t think it even will.
W: You should have confidence in yourself. You can learn French OK so long as you work hard.
M: Perhaps, you’re right. Anyway. Thanks a lot for the advice.
解題分析:這樣的題可通過閱讀第二、第三的題干,就能推理判斷出第一小題的答案。
第二題干:improve her French,第三題干:suggest the man do 就能推斷:這位先生法語學不好,在請教這位女士。根據讀題就能判斷對話內容的方向,從而降低解題難度。
⑵ 聽:
當你看到的題干是:What does the woman think of …? 聽的注意力就應該放在聽女聲的錄音材料上,
如果看到的題干是:What does the man imply/ suggest...? 聽的注意力就應該放在聽男聲的錄音材料上。
總之,英語聽力是一項綜合技能,聽力的基本功需要循序漸進地培養,需要大量百科知識的積累,需要大量的朗讀和聽的實踐。同時學生所掌握的詞匯量、語法知識、閱讀水平,以及對英語國家的文化、社會背景的了解都決定著一個人的聽力水平。但只要正視它,運用熟練的聽力技巧,加強訓練,堅持不懈,持之以恒,聽力水平就會得到全面提高。
【參考文獻】
1.國家教育部《英語課程標準》北京師范大學出版
2. 福建省普通高中新課程教學要求(英語) 福建教育出版社,2008年6月
3.2009年普通高等學校招生全國統一考試福建省語文、數學、英語《考試說明》
4.《中學英語聽力必備》海南出版社 2004
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