全新版大學(xué)英語綜合教程4課后答案（第二單元）
全新版大學(xué)英語綜合教程4（第二單元）第一篇課文是關(guān)于汽車的文章。下面是小編整理的課后答案，歡迎閱讀，希望對您有所幫助。
Unit 2
Vocabulary
I. 1. 1) expansion 2) automated 3) vapor 4) take control of 5) hazards 6) satellite 7) vibrated 8) magnetic 9) bunched 10) in the air 11) got/was stuckin 12) approximately
2. 1) send out 2) stand up for 3) pass for 4) were closing in on 5) starting up 6) went through 7) fill out 8) fall into
3. 1)… incorporates all the latest safety features 2) …two trees ten feet apart 3) … awarding lucrative contracts to his construction site 4) … the prototype of a new model before they set up a factory to make the cars. 5) … are correlated in all racial groups
4.1) the application, remote, has turned into a reality, are poised to
2) that vibrate, can detect, frequency
3) lanes, are mounted in, alert a, hazard
II. Word Formation
Clipped Words Blends
Kilo kilogram Medicare medical care Memo memorandum email electronic mail gym gymnasium comsat communications satellite lib liberation newscast news broadcast doc doctor skyjack sky hijack vet veterinarian Eurodollar European dollar prep preparatory brunch breakfast and lunch auto automobile telecast television broadcast flu influenza Oxbridge Oxford and Cambridge
III. 1. swimming pool 2. drawing board 3. enriched Middle English 4. disturbing change 5. fully developed prototype 6. Canned foods 7. working population 8. puzzling differences Comprehensive Exercises
I. Cloze
1. 1) computerized 2) start up 3) be poised to 4) alert 5)hazards 6) monotonous 7) take control of 8) steer 9) lane 10) decrease 11) calculate 12) eliminate 13) getting stuck in 14) mounted 15) detect 16) vapor
2. 1) generates 2) related 3) revolutionized 4) enabled 5) opportunities 6) overall 7) manufacturing 8) dependent 9) interact 10) fatalities
II. Translation
1.1) There was an unusual quietness in the air, except for the sound of artillery in the distance.
2) The expansion of urban areas in some African countries has been causing a significant fall in living standards and an increase in social problem.
3) The research shows that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are closely correlated with global temperatures.
4) The frequency of the bus service has been improved from 15 to 12 minutes recently
5) The diver stood on the edge of the diving board, poised to jump at the signal from the coach.
2. Automobiles have, since their invention, revolutionized transportation, changing forever the way people live, travel, and do business. On the other hand, they have brought hazards, especially highway fatalities. However, today the application of computer technology and electronic sensors in designing and manufacturing cars makes it possible to eliminate most of traffic accidents. For example, electronic sensors mounted in your car can detect alcohol vapor in the air and refuse to start up the engine. They can also monitor road conditions by receiving radio signals sent out from orbiting satellites and greatly reduce your chances of getting stuck in traffic jams.
拓展：原文
Steve Shladover outlines the benefits to be gained from vehicles that could drive themselves and discusses how this could be achieved.
斯蒂夫·施多弗闡述了能自動運行的車輛的諸多裨益，并詳細論述了如何將其變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實。
Intelligent Vehicles
智能車輛
Steve Shladover
斯蒂夫·施多弗
Even when cars were still young, futurists began thinking about vehicles that could drive themselves, without human help. Perhaps the best known of these conjectures was the General Motors Futurama, the hit of the New York World's Fair. Now, at the start of the new century, it's worth taking a fresh look at this concept and asking how automation might change transportation and the quality of our lives.
還在汽車問世之初，未來學(xué)家就開始設(shè)想無需人來操縱便能自動運行的車輛將是什么樣兒的。這類設(shè)想最出名的或許是年紐約世界博覽會上轟動一時的由通用汽車公司推出的“未來城市風(fēng)光”。今天，在世紀(jì)之初，以新的目光去審視這樣的設(shè)想，去探討自動化將如何改變交通以及我們的生活質(zhì)量，是頗具價值的。
Consider some of the implications of cars that could drive themselves.
且來看一看能自動運行的汽車意味著什么。
We might eliminate the more than ninety percent of traffic crashes that are caused by human errors such as misjudgments and inattention.
我們或許能消除%以上由于判斷失誤以及疏忽等人為因素造成的交通事故。
We might reduce antisocial driving behavior such as road rage, thereby significantly reducing the stress of driving.
我們或許能減少野蠻開車這類有害公眾利益的開車行為，從而大大減輕行車壓力。
The entire population, including the young, the old, and the infirm, might enjoy a higher level of mobility without requiring advanced driving skills.
社會全體成員，包括老老少少與體弱者，也許都不需習(xí)得嫻熟的駕車技巧就能較為自由地奔馳了。
The luxury of being chauffeured to your destination might be enjoyed by all, not just the wealthiest individuals.
被開車接送也許會成為世人共同的享受，而不僅僅是最富裕階層的一種奢侈。
Fuel consumption and pollution might be reduced by smoothing traffic flow and running vehicles close enough to each other to benefit from aerodynamic drafting.
車流通暢，相互緊隨行駛的車輛能利用前車產(chǎn)生的較小的空氣阻力，這些都可能減少油耗和污染。
Traffic-management decisions might be based on firm knowledge of vehicle responses to instructions, rather than on guesses about the choices that drivers might make.
交通管理將會建立在充分了解車輛對指令的應(yīng)變能力的基礎(chǔ)上，而非基于對車輛駕駛者可能采取的行動的粗略估測。
The capacity of a freeway lane might be doubled or tripled, making it possible to accommodate growing demands for travel without major new construction, or, equivalently, today's level of congestion might be reduced, enabling travelers to save time.
高速公路的車容量會增加一倍或二倍，使其不必大興土木就能適應(yīng)不斷增長的行車需求;或者，同樣重要地，目前交通擁堵的程度能得到緩解，以使行車者節(jié)省時間。
Is it feasible?
是否可行?
This is now a realistic prospect. With advances in technology we can readily visualize your trip on an automated highway system.
目前這已成為一個可以實現(xiàn)的希望。隨著技術(shù)的進步，我們不難設(shè)想自動化公路系統(tǒng)上的行車過程。
Imagine leaving work at the end of the day and needing to drive only as far as the nearest on-ramp to the local automated highway. At the on-ramp, you press a button on your dashboard to select the off-ramp closest to your home and then relax as your car's electronic systems, in cooperation with roadside electronics and similar systems on other cars, guide your car smoothly, safely, and effortlessly toward your destination. En route you save time by maintaining full speed even at rush-hour traffic volumes. At the end of the off-ramp you resume normal control and drive the remaining distance to your home, better rested and less stressed than if you had driven the entire way.
且來設(shè)想，工作一天下班后，只需開車至最近的一個自動公路入口匝道。到了入口匝道，在儀表板上按一下按鈕選擇離家最近的出口匝道，隨后就休息放松，由車上的電子系統(tǒng)與路旁的電子裝置以及其他車輛上類似的系統(tǒng)合作，把車平穩(wěn)、安全、順暢地開往目的`地。即使是在車流量的高峰時段，也能一路全速行駛，從而節(jié)省時間。下了出口匝道，再照平常那樣駕駛，開過余下的路程回家，那要比自己全程駕駛省力輕松許多。
Although many different technical developments are necessary to turn this image into reality, none requires exotic technologies, and all can be based on systems and components that are already being actively developed in the international motor vehicle industry. These could be viewed as replacements for the diverse functions that drivers perform every day: observing the road, observing the preceding vehicles, steering, accelerating, braking, and deciding when and where to change course.
要把這一景象變成現(xiàn)實固然需要各種不同的技術(shù)發(fā)展，但也無需什么匪夷所思的技術(shù)，所有的技術(shù)都能以國際車輛制造業(yè)正在積極開發(fā)研制的各種系統(tǒng)和部件作為基礎(chǔ)。這些技術(shù)可以被看作是車輛駕駛者日常開車所起各種作用的替代：觀察路況，留意前行車輛，掌握方向，加速，剎車，變道。
Observing the road
觀察路況
Researchers have developed a road-reference and sensing system that makes it possible to determine accurately a vehicle's position and orientation relative to the lane's center. Cheap permanent magnets are buried at four-foot intervals along the lane centerline and detected by magnetometers mounted under the vehicle's bumpers. . These meters provide the information used by the vehicle's control computer to determine its exact position of the vehicle.
研究人員開發(fā)了一種路況參考及傳感系統(tǒng)，這些能準(zhǔn)確判斷車輛的方位及所在車道中心的相應(yīng)定位。價格低廉的永磁體以英尺的間隔埋設(shè)在車道中心線上，車輛保險桿下安裝著的磁強計能夠測知。這些磁強計向車上的計算機控制臺提供信息，以斷定車輛的確切方位。
Other researchers have used computer vision systems to observe the road. () These are vulnerable to weather problems and provide less accurate measurements, but they do not require special roadway installations, other than well-maintained lane markings.
其他研究人員利用計算機圖像系統(tǒng)觀察路況。這類系統(tǒng)易受氣候變化的影響，提供的數(shù)據(jù)不夠精確，但它們不需要特別的道路設(shè)置，只需要將路面標(biāo)志維護好就行了。
Observing preceding vehicles
留意前行車輛
The distances and closing rates to preceding vehicles can be measured by a radar or a laser rangefinder. Both technologies have already been implemented in commercially available systems in Japan and Europe. The laser systems are currently less expensive, but the radar systems are more effective at detecting dirty vehicles and operating in adverse weather conditions. As production volumes increase and unit costs decrease, the radars are likely to find increasing favor.
與前行車輛的車距及接近時的速度可用雷達或激光測距儀測定。這兩項技術(shù)已經(jīng)在日本和歐洲投入商業(yè)運用。目前激光系統(tǒng)比較便宜，但雷達系統(tǒng)能更加有效地測知野蠻行駛的車輛，能更加安全地在天氣惡劣時操作。隨著產(chǎn)量的提高，成本的降低，雷達系統(tǒng)將會越來越受歡迎。
Steering, accelerating and braking
掌握方向、加速和剎車
The equivalents of these driver muscle functions are electromechanical devices installed in the automated vehicle. They receive electronic commands from the onboard control computer and then apply the appropriate steering angle, throttle angle, and brake pressure by means of small electric motors. Early versions of these devices are already being introduced into production of vehicles, where they receive their commands directly from the driver's inputs to the steering wheel and pedals. These decisions are being made for reasons largely unrelated to automation. Rather they are associated with reduced energy consumption, simplification of vehicle design, enhanced ease of vehicle assembly, improved ability to adjust performance to match driver preferences, and cost savings compared to traditional direct mechanical control devices.
相當(dāng)于車輛駕駛者肌功能的是安置在自動車輛上的電動機械裝置。它們接收車上計算機控制臺發(fā)出的電子指令，再憑借小型電力發(fā)動機恰當(dāng)?shù)乜刂品较颉⒂烷T大小以及剎車緊急程度。車輛生產(chǎn)已經(jīng)采用這類裝置的最初樣本，它們通過駕駛者給方向盤和踏板的輸入信息直接獲得指令。決定開發(fā)這類產(chǎn)品大都與自動化無關(guān)。與之有關(guān)的因素有降低能耗、簡化車輛設(shè)計、進一步提高車輛裝配效率、改善根據(jù)車輛駕駛者的喜好調(diào)節(jié)性能的能力，以及低于傳統(tǒng)的機械直控裝置的成本等。
Deciding when and where to change course
決定何時何處變道
Computers in the vehicles and those at the roadside have different functions. Roadside computers are better suited for traffic management, setting the target speed for each segment and lane of roadway, and allocating vehicles to different lanes of a multilane automated facility. The aim is to maintain balanced flow among the lanes and to avoid obstacles or incidents that might block a lane. The vehicle's onboard computers are better suited to handling decisions about exactly when and where to change lanes to avoid interference with other vehicles.
車用計算機與路邊裝置的計算機功能不同。路邊設(shè)置的計算機更適用于交通管理，如為不同路段和車道設(shè)定限速，通過多車道自動化設(shè)施為車輛安排不同的車道。其目的是使各車道的車流量保持平衡，避免可能堵塞車道的障礙或事故。車用計算機更適用于精確地判斷在什么時間和位置改變車道，以避免與其他車輛碰撞。
Remaining challenges
尚存的挑戰(zhàn)
There remain a number of difficulties to be overcome. These are mainly technical, but there are in addition a number of nontechnical challenges that need to be addressed. These involve issues of liability, costs, and perceptions.
尚有許多困難有待克服。主要是技術(shù)性難題，但此外也有不少非技術(shù)性的挑戰(zhàn)需要面對，其中包括行車責(zé)任、成本以及觀念等問題。
Automated control of vehicles shifts liability for most crashes from the individual driver (and his or her insurance company) to the designer, developer, and vendor of the vehicle and roadway control systems. Provided the system is indeed safer than today's driver-vehicle-highway system, overall liability exposure should be reduced. But its costs will be shifted from automobile insurance premiums to the purchase or lease price of the automated vehicle and toll for use of the automated highway facility.
車輛的自動控制把大多數(shù)事故的責(zé)任從車輛駕駛者個人(及其保險公司)轉(zhuǎn)移到設(shè)計者、研制者以及車輛和道路控制系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)銷商身上。如果這一系統(tǒng)的確比當(dāng)今的車輛駕駛者—車輛—公路系統(tǒng)安全，總體責(zé)任風(fēng)險就會減少。但其成本會從汽車保險金轉(zhuǎn)移到自動車輛的售價或租金，以及自動公路設(shè)施的使用費上來。
All new technologies tend to be costly when they first become available in small quantities, then their costs decline as production volumes increase and the technologies mature. We should expect vehicle automation technologies to follow the same pattern. They may initially be economically viable only for heavy vehicles (transit buses, commercial trucks) and high-end passenger cars. However, it should not take long for the costs to become affordable to a wide range of vehicle owners and operators, especially with many of the enabling technologies already being commercialized for volume production today.
任何新技術(shù)在最初小批量供應(yīng)時都相對昂貴，以后隨著產(chǎn)量的增長與技術(shù)的完善，成本就會降低。我們相信車輛自動控制技術(shù)也將遵循這一模式。從經(jīng)濟角度考慮，這類技術(shù)在最初階段或許只能應(yīng)用于重型車輛(如公交車、貨運卡車)和高級客車。然而，不用多久，其成本就能為廣大車輛擁有者和駕駛者所接受，尤其是目前不少可以應(yīng)用的技術(shù)已經(jīng)走向市場，開始了批量生產(chǎn)。
The largest impediment to introduction of electronic chauffeuring may turn out to be the general perception that it's more difficult and expensive to implement than it really is. If political and industrial decision makers perceive automated driving to be too futuristic, they will not pay it the attention it deserves and will not invest their resources toward accelerating its deployment. The perception could thus become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
電子駕駛應(yīng)用的障礙可能在于一種普遍的觀念，認為這一技術(shù)的應(yīng)用比實際情況更困難，更昂貴。如果政治決策者和企業(yè)決策者認為自動駕駛過于超前，他們就不會予以應(yīng)有的關(guān)注，就不會投入資源，促使其早日為人們利用。這樣的話，這一觀念就可能成為一種終將實現(xiàn)的預(yù)言。
It is important to recognize that automated vehicles are already carrying millions of passengers every day. Most major airports have automated people movers that transfer passengers among terminal buildings. Urban transit lines in Paris, London, Vancouver, Lyon, and Lille, among others, are operating with completely automated, driverless vehicles; some have been doing so for more than a decade. Modern commercial aircraft operate on autopilot for much of the time, and they also land under automatic control at suitably equipped airports on a regular basis.
重要的是，要看到，每天已有千百萬人乘坐自動化車輛。大多數(shù)頗具規(guī)模的機場都有自動控制的客車把乘客從一個航站樓轉(zhuǎn)到另一個航站樓。不少城市公交線路，如巴黎、倫敦、溫哥華、里昂和里爾等，都是由全自動控制的無人駕駛車輛運行的，有些已運行了十多年�，F(xiàn)代商用飛機大多時間是由自動駕駛儀操縱的，在裝備完善的機場，這些飛機一向在自動控制指揮下著陸。
Given all of this experience in implementing safe automated transportation systems, it is not such a large leap to develop road vehicles that can operate under automatic control. That should be a realistic goal for the next decade. The transportation system will thus gain substantial benefits from the revolution in information technology.
考慮到所有這些安全運用自動化交通運輸系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)驗，開發(fā)由自動控制操縱的公路車輛算不上什么大的飛躍。這應(yīng)該是未來十年中的一個現(xiàn)實目標(biāo)，交通運輸系統(tǒng)也就會大大得益于信息技術(shù)革命。
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