關于GRE考試閱讀指導
1.Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves‘ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy.
雖然古特曼承認，由于奴隸買賣而造成的被迫離散甚為頻繁，但他還是證實，奴隸的偏愛——在那些奴隸買賣并不頻繁的種植園上被最為顯著地揭示出來——在很大程度上側重于穩定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。
2.Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged
the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.
古特曼人令人信服地論辨道，黑人家庭的穩定有助于包括民間傳說、音樂、及宗教表達在內的黑人文化遺產一代一代傳遞下去，因而在維持文化遺產方面也起著至關重要的作用，而對于這種文化遺產，黑奴們不斷地從其非洲和美洲的經歷中予以豐富發展。
3.This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.
古特曼表示，這種對于外部通婚的偏愛很有可能緣起于西部非洲制約著婚姻的規定，盡管這些規定在一個和另一個部落群體之間不盡相同，但都涉及到某種對近親聯姻（union with close kin）的禁止。
4.His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as “racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，” can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.
該社會學家的命題當被應用于針對美國黑人的歧視時，相對而言尚能適用，但他對種族偏見所下的`定義——即“以種族為基礎的、針對某個群體的消級的先入之見，而該群體在任何特定的種族競爭地區則被普遍認作一種族”——可被理解成同樣也襄括了針對加利福尼亞州的中國人以及中世紀的猶太人這樣一些種族群體的敵視態度。
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