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新概念英語第三冊答疑精選
引導語:關于新概念英語的答疑精選,由應屆畢業生培訓網整理而成,謝謝您的閱讀。
問題一:什么叫從句??什么是定語從句??
老師回復:1 從句就是復合句.
2.定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之后,由關系詞(關系代詞或關系副詞)引出。
請看以下詳解:
關系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
關系副詞有:when, where, why等。
關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2) Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換), 例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農村出現了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作主語)
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語)
關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
1)when, where, why
關系副詞when, where, why的含義相當于"介詞+ which"結構,因此常常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用,例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關系副詞
that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略,例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。
判斷關系代詞與關系副詞
方法一: 用關系代詞,還是關系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關系代詞;而不及物動詞則要求用關系副詞。例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判斷改錯(注:先顯示題,再顯示答案,橫線;用不同的顏色表示出。)
(錯) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(錯) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(對) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
(對) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關系副詞 where, when聯系在一起。此兩題錯在關系詞的誤用上。
方法二: 準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關系代詞/關系副詞。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案:例1 D,例2 A
例1變為肯定句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2變為肯定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分為賓語,而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表語,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關系代詞,所以應選D。
而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點,既可用副詞where,又因 in the museum詞組,可用介詞in + which 引導地點狀語。而此題中,介詞on 用的不對,所以選A。
關系詞的選擇依據在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時,選擇關系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行詞在從句中做狀語時,應選擇關系副詞 ( where 地點狀語,when 時間狀語,why 原因狀語) 。
1) 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號分開,例如:
This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個月買的。(非限制性)
2) 當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時,其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的,例如:
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾經是我的老師。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人,我已經讀了三遍。
3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數,例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態水變為蒸汽,這就叫做蒸發。
說明:關系代詞that和關系副詞why不能引導非限制性定語從句。
1)介詞后面的關系詞不能省略。
2)that前不能有介詞。
3) 某些在從句中充當時間,地點或原因狀語的"介詞+關系詞"結構可以同關系副詞when 和where 互換。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句,as和which可代整個主句,相當于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例題
1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此為非限定性從句,不能用 that修飾,而用which.,it 和he 都使后句成為句子,兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連接。況且選he句意不通。
2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定語從句,而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語從句,it不為連詞,使由逗號連接的兩個句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。
3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引導非限制性定語從句時,這兩個關系代詞都指主句所表達的整個意思,且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點:
(1) as 引導的定語從句可置于句首,而which不可。
(2) as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時,從句中的謂語必須是系動詞;若為行為動詞,則從句中的關系代詞只能用which.。
在本題中,prevent由于是行為動詞,所以正確選項應為B。
As 的用法
例1. the same… as;such…as 中的as 是一種固定結構, 和……一樣……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引導非限制性從句,常帶有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是關系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語;例2中,它充當從句的主語,謂語動詞know要用被動式。
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
(錯)Who breaks the law will be punished.
(錯)Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
(對)Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
(對)Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that 和 what
當that引導定語從句時 ,通常用作關系代詞,而引導名詞性從句時,是個不充當任何成分的連接詞。賓語從句和表語從句中的that常可省略。What只能引導名詞性從 句, 用作連接代詞,作從句的具體成分,且不能省略。
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
1)不用that的情況
a) 在引導非限定性定語從句時。
(錯) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介詞后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關系代詞的情況
a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
b) 在不定代詞,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時,只用that,不用which。
c) 先行詞有the only, the very修飾時,只用that。
d) 先行詞為序數詞、數詞、形容詞最高級時,只用that。.
e) 先行詞既有人,又有物時。
舉例:
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油問題。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。
問題二:以前有個老師告訴我however用于書面語,but用于口語。
好像跟您講得不一樣。
老師回復:這兩個詞并沒有書面用語與口語的區別,書面口語,都可以用這兩個詞
however和 but
二者都意為“可是,但是”;
but是并列名詞,連接兩個并列分句,上下二句在總的意義上構成了對比。
I really don't like cheese, but I will try just a little this time.我實在是不喜歡吃奶酪,但是這次我要嘗一點。
however不能直接連接兩個分句,必須另起新句,并用逗號隔開。
It was raining hard. However, we went out to look for the boy. 雨下得很大,不過我們還是出去尋找那個孩子
HOWEVER能獨立成句,與語氣較強,BUT相反
以下還有一些詳盡的用方,你可以自已看一看
1. however作副詞用時,表示“然而;但是”,可以位于句首、句中和句末;位于句首時,要用逗號與句子其它部分隔開;位于句中時,其前后都要用逗號;位于句末時其前用逗號分開。 例如:
She felt ill. She went to work, however, and tried to concentrate.
她病了。然而她照舊去上班,并且盡力集中精神工作。
His first response was to say no. Later, however, he changed his mind.
他最初的反應是不同意,可是后來他改變了主意。
2. however與but 兩者都做“但是,然而”講,而且都引出并列句。從語義上看,but所表示的是非常明顯的對比,轉折的意味較however要強。從語序上看,but總是位于所引出的分句之首,而however卻可位于句首、句中和句末,同時從標點符號上看,but之后一般不得使用逗號,而however則必須用逗號與句子其它部分分開。例如:
I thought those figures were correct. However, I have recently heard they were not.
我原以為那些數字正確無誤,不過我最近聽說并不正確。
3. however的其它用法: however可以作連詞(conj.),表示“無論以何種方式,不管怎樣”,引導讓步狀語從句。例如:
You can travel however you like.你可以隨心所欲地去旅行。
However I approached the problem, I couldn’t find a solution.
這一問題我不管怎樣都無法解決。
問題3:so such位于句首倒裝的例子?
老師回復:so, such位于句首,句子要倒裝。
e.g. Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers. (Lesson 4中的句子)
Tom can speak French. So can Jack
問題4:1.slient quite still三詞的具體區別是什么?請您舉例講解。
2.ever和since的區別?
3.before作為“才”的意思有哪些例子?
4.sight of a figure 的具體意思?
老師回復:silent主要指人“沉默的”、“不出聲的”,但不一定無活動。
quiet意為“安靜的”、“寧靜的”,指人時表示生性安靜,不易激動;用于自然環境時,指沒有干擾活動、沒有喧鬧聲的寂靜狀態。
still意為“安靜的”、“不動的”,不指心理狀態,而是指環境和人“靜的,靜止的”狀態。
另外還有calm意為“鎮靜的,平靜的”,主要指人“沉著鎮定”,指自然“無風無浪”。noiseless意為“聲音很輕的”、“無聲的”,常用來形容機器。
試著做下面的練習
Exercises:
1,This is atypewriter.
2,In order not to lose the job, he kept about the matter.
3,It is a place, I enjoy living here.
4,Mary is a girl. She likes reading alone.
5,He reminded in face of danger.
6,Stand while I take a photo of you.
7,We visited Beijing in weather.
Keys:1, noiseless 2,silent 3,quiet 4,quiet 5,calm 6,still 7,calm
2 ever 和since 沒有什么區別, ever since,和 since卻有些區別
一:1ever since you left me自從你離開了我
i've been try to hide the pain.我一直在掩飾內心的傷痛
用法,一般就是可用在句首,自從的意思.
2主句用現在完成時,從句用一般過去時
eg. Ever since he moved to London, i haven`t seen him.
ever since用在句尾時,所表達的時間應在上文中交待出來或是聽話者知道的那個時間:"就從那時起,一直到現在"
二:since的用法主要有兩點:一是表示“自從……以來”,二是表示“既然”之意。但如果只了解詞的含義,而不了解其用法,在使用時就會造成錯誤。例如:I have not heard from him since I lived in Shanghai.
不少人會望文生義,將該句譯為:“自從我住在上海以來,就再也沒有收到他的信了。”而實際上這個句子的譯文并非如此,那么正確的含義是什么呢?
下面談談since作連詞引導時間狀語從句的用法。
一、若since引導的狀語從句的謂語動詞是終止性的過去時,則從句表示的時間是“從動作開始的那一時刻起”。如:
He has studied very hard since he came to our school.自從他來到我們學校,他學習就非常努力。
We have been missing them since they left here自從他們離開這里,我們就一直很想念他們。
這是最常見的一種用法,此處不再多述。
二、若since引導的狀語從句的謂語動詞是持續性動詞或表示狀態的動詞的過去時時,則從句表示的時間是“從那持續動作或狀態結束時算起”。如:
I haven’t heard any noise since I slept. Sleep 為持續性動詞,sleep的動作結束時,即“醒來”時,這句應譯為“我醒后還未聽到任何聲音”。
John is now with his parents in New York, it is already three years since he was a teacher約翰現在和父母一起住在紐約,他不當老師已經三年了。
本文開始出現的那個句子就可以譯為“自從我離開上海,就再也沒有收到他的信。”這種譯法常被人們誤用,我們不妨再多舉幾個例子看看:
How long is it since you lived in Shanghai?你離開(沒住在)上海多久了?
It is half a month since he was a League member.他退團(不當團員)半個月了。
It’s been quite some time since I was last in London我離開倫敦已很長時間了。
比較:He has written to me frequently since I was ill.自從我病愈以來,他屢次給我寫信。(從句謂語為狀態動詞)
He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自從我生病以來,他就屢次給我寫信。(從句謂語為終止性動詞)
三、若since引導的狀語從句的謂語為持續性動詞的現在完成時,則表示動作和狀態延續到現在(說話時刻),其表示的時間的起點應從動作發生之時算起。如:
I haven’t heard from him since he has lived there。
這里has lived表示動作的持續性,時間的起點應從:“開始居住”時算起。因此此句可理解為“自從他(開始)住在那兒起,我就一直沒收到他的來信”。
Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year。自從我們自己有了汽車,我們每年都去野營。
試比較:1. Since I’ve been at this school, we have had three headmasters.自從我到這所學校,我們已換了三個校長了。
Since I was at this school, they have had three headmasters.自從我離開這所學校,他們已換了三個校長了。
2.He has never been to see me since I have been ill. 自從我生病以來,他從未來看過我。
He has never been to see me since I was ill. 自從我病愈以來,他從未來看過我。
由此可見,since引導的從句持續動詞的一般過去時和現在完成時所表示的意思恰好相反。換言之,前者以肯定的語法形式反映著否定的邏輯內容,而后者的形式與內容是一致的。
至于It is +一段時間+since…的句型與It has been +一段時間+since…意思相同。前者是規范說法,后者是口語說法。
應注意的是,在這種結構中,since引導的從句絕對不能用否定式的謂語動詞來表示否定意義,下面兩句都錯了:
It is a long time since he didn’t study English.
It’s two months since you didn’t come to see me.
正確的說法為:
It’s a long time since he studied English 他好久沒學英語了。
You haven’t come to see me for two months. 你有兩個月沒來看我了
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